Nuclear Chemistry Research Project
F.; Kruglova, T. K.; Sinitsyn, V. P.2005-01-15Results of the use of automatic hydrogen-content meter for controlling the parameter of 'hydrogen' in the primary coolant circuit of the Kola nuclear power plant are presented.
“The branch of chemistry dealing with the phenomena involving the nuclei of the atoms is known as nuclear chemistry. In fact, the only phenomena involving the nucleus of an atom is radio activity - both natural and artificial. Chemistry research may focus on health risks of certain chemicals or the effects of those chemicals on the environment. Your goal should be to choose a complex topic, fairly explain all relevant sides of any related debate, and determine what changes society should.
It is shown that the correlation between the 'hydrogen' parameter in the coolant and the 'hydrazine' parameter in the makeup water can be used for controlling the water chemistry of the primary coolant system, which should make it possible to optimize the water chemistry at different power levels.Hands, Michael D., Jr.Despite numerous calls for improving scientific literacy, many American adults show a lack of understanding of experiments, scientific study, and scientific inquiry. News media is one important avenue for science learning, but previous research investigating health and/or environmental science news has shown that it is inconsistent in the presentation of scientific research limitations, potentially impacting reader understanding. In the first phase of this dissertation, seventeen news articles reporting on a single chemistry research article, along with associated press releases and research articles, were analyzed using move analysis to determine the structure of each type of text. It was found that the overall structure of each text genre was similar, with the main difference being that research articles start by presenting background information, while the others lead with highlighting overall research outcomes. Analysis of the steps revealed that, as seen for health and environmental science news articles, descriptions of the study limitations and methods were generally omitted in the news articles. Using these findings, a pilot study was conducted where study limitations were added to a chemistry research news article and the effect of its presence on staff members employed at a large Midwestern university (n=12) and science faculty employed at the same institution (n=6) was explored. Interviews with the participants revealed that including limitations enhanced readers' ability to identify conclusions and evaluate claims, but decreased their trust in the information.
In the final part of this study, the trends seen in the previous phase were explored to determine their generalizability. Members of the public (n=232) and science faculty (n=191) read a randomly assigned news article either presenting or omitting the study limitations and research methods. Participants reading articles presenting limitations were able to evaluate the reasonableness of claims.1975-01-01A fact sheet is presented on the space and nuclear research and technology program consisting of a research and technology base, system studies, system technology programs, entry systems technology, and experimental programs.Mynatt, F R1982-04-09The Three Mile Island nuclear power plant accident has resulted in redirection of reactor safety research priorities.
The small release to the environment of radioactive iodine-13 to 17 curies in a total radioactivity release of 2.4 million to 13 million curies-has led to a new emphasis on the physical chemistry of fission product behavior in accidents; the fact that the nuclear core was severely damaged but did not melt down has opened a new accident regime-that of the degraded core; the role of the operators in the progression and severity of the accident has shifted emphasis from equipment reliability to human reliability. As research progresses in these areas, the technical base for regulation and risk analysis will change substantially.Larin, B. M.2018-02-01In late May-early June 2017, two international science and technology conferences on problems of water chemistry and chemistry monitoring at thermal and nuclear power plants were held. The participants of both the first conference held at OAO VTI and the second conference that took place at NITI formulated the problems of the development of the regulatory base and implementation of promising water treatment technologies and outlined the ways of improving the water chemistry and chemistry monitoring at TPPs and NPPs for the near future. It was pointed out that the new amine-containing VTIAMIN agent developed by OAO VTI had been successfully tested on the power-generating units equipped with steam-gas plants to establish the minimum excess of the film-forming amine in the power-generating unit circuit that ensures the protection of the metal as 5-10 μg/dm3.
A flow-injection technique for the analysis of trace concentrations of chlorides was proposed; the technique applied to the condensate of the 1000-MW steam turbine of the NPP power-generating unit yields the results comparable with the results obtained by the ion chromatography and the potentiometric method using the solver electrode. The participants of the conferences were demonstrated new Russian instruments to analyze the water media at the TPPs and NPPs, including the total organic carbon analyzer and the analyzer of mineral impurities in the condensate and feed water, that won a gold medal at the 45th International Exhibition of Inventions held in Geneva this April.Liguori, Lucia; Adamsen, Tom Christian Holm2013-01-01Practical experience is vital for promoting interest in science. Several aspects of chemistry are rarely taught in the secondary school curriculum, especially nuclear and radiochemistry. Therefore, we introduced radiochemistry to secondary school students through positron emission tomography (PET) associated with computer tomography (CT). PET-CT.Nakiboglu, Canan; Tekin, Berna Bulbul2006-01-01This study represents the first attempt to elucidate and detail the types of misconceptions high school students hold relating to basic concepts and topics of nuclear chemistry. A diagnostic multiple-choice test was administered to 157 tenth-grade students (15-16 years old) and the data were analyzed.
The results show that high school students.Zamfir, N. V.2018-05-01The new research facility Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) is under construction in Romania, on the Magurele Physics campus.
Valued more than 300 Meuros the center will be operational in 2019. The research center will use a high brilliance Gamma Beam and a High-power Laser beam, with unprecedented characteristics worldwide, to investigate the interaction of very intense radiation with matter with specific focus on nuclear phenomena and their applications. The energetic particle beams and radiation produced by the 2x10 PW laser beam interacting with matter will be studied. The precisely tunable energy and excellent bandwidth of the gamma-ray beam will allow for new experimental approaches regarding nuclear astrophysics, nuclear resonance fluorescence, and applications. The experimental equipment is presented, together with the main directions of the research envisioned with special emphasizes on nuclear physics studies.Schwenk, F. C.; Thom, K.1975-01-01Gaseous-fuel nuclear reactors are described; their distinguishing feature is the use of fissile fuels in a gaseous or plasma state, thereby breaking the barrier of temperature imposed by solid-fuel elements. This property creates a reactor heat source that may be able to heat the propellant of a rocket engine to 10,000 or 20,000 K.
At this temperature level, gas-core reactors would provide the breakthrough in propulsion needed to open the entire solar system to manned and unmanned spacecraft. The possibility of fuel recycling makes possible efficiencies of up to 65% and nuclear safety at reduced cost, as well as high-thrust propulsion capabilities with specific impulse up to 5000 sec.Cullipher, Steven GeneGreen chemistry is a philosophy of chemistry that emphasizes a decreasing dependence on limited non-renewable resources and an increasing focus on preventing pollution byproducts of the chemical industry. In short, it is the discipline of chemistry practiced through the lens of environmental stewardship. In an effort to advance the practice of green chemistry, three studies will be described that have ramifications for the practice. The first study examines the atmospheric oxidation of a hydrofluorinated ether, a third-generation CFC replacement compound with primarily unknown atmospheric degradation products. Determination of these products has the potential to impact decisions on refrigerant usage in the future.
The second study examines chemistry students' development of understanding benefits-costs-risks analysis when presented with two real-world scenarios: refrigerant choice and fuel choice. By studying how benefits-costs-risks thinking develops, curricular materials and instructional approaches can be designed to better foster the development of an ability that is both necessary for green chemists and important in daily decision-making for non-chemists. The final study uses eye tracking technology to examine students' abilities to interpret molecular properties from structural information in the context of global warming. Such abilities are fundamental if chemists are to appropriately assess risks and hazards of chemistry practice.1961-11-21A researcher at the NASA Lewis Research Center with slide ruler poses with models of the earth and a nuclear-propelled rocket. The Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications (NERVA) was a joint NASA and Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) endeavor to develop a nuclear-powered rocket for both long-range missions to Mars and as a possible upper-stage for the Apollo Program. The early portion of the program consisted of basic reactor and fuel system research.
This was followed by a series of Kiwi reactors built to test nuclear rocket principles in a non-flying nuclear engine. The next phase, NERVA, would create an entire flyable engine. The AEC was responsible for designing the nuclear reactor and overall engine. NASA Lewis was responsible for developing the liquid-hydrogen fuel system. The nuclear rocket model in this photograph includes a reactor at the far right with a hydrogen propellant tank and large radiator below. The payload or crew would be at the far left, distanced from the reactor.Jardine, L J; Moshkov, M MThe Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on Nuclear Materials Safety held June 8-10, 1998, in St.
Petersburg, Russia, was attended by 27 Russian experts from 14 different Russian organizations, seven European experts from six different organizations, and 14 U.S. Experts from seven different organizations. The ARW was conducted at the State Education Center (SEC), a former Minatom nuclear training center in St.
Thirty-three technical presentations were made using simultaneous translations. These presentations are reprinted in this volume as a formal ARW Proceedings in the NATO Science Series. The representative technical papers contained here cover nuclear material safety topics on themore » storage and disposition of excess plutonium and high enriched uranium (HEU) fissile materials, including vitrification, mixed oxide (MOX) fuel fabrication, plutonium ceramics, reprocessing, geologic disposal, transportation, and Russian regulatory processes. This ARW completed discussions by experts of the nuclear materials safety topics that were not covered in the previous, companion ARW on Nuclear Materials Safety held in Amarillo, Texas, in March 1997.
These two workshops, when viewed together as a set, have addressed most nuclear material aspects of the storage and disposition operations required for excess HEU and plutonium. As a result, specific experts in nuclear materials safety have been identified, know each other from their participation in t he two ARW interactions, and have developed a partial consensus and dialogue on the most urgent nuclear materials safety topics to be addressed in a formal bilateral program on t he subject. A strong basis now exists for maintaining and developing a continuing dialogue between Russian, European, and U.S. Experts in nuclear materials safety that will improve the safety of future nuclear materials operations in all the countries involved because of t he positive synergistic effects of focusing these diverse backgrounds.Pearce, Carolyn I.; Rosso, Kevin M.; Pattrick, RichardFor the safe disposal of nuclear waste, the ability to predict the changes in oxidation states of redox active actinide elements and fission products, such as U, Pu, Tc and Np is a key factor in determining their long term mobility. Both in the Geological Disposal Facility (GDF) near-field and in the far-field subsurface environment, the oxidation states of radionuclides are closely tied to changes in the redox condition of other elements in the subsurface such as iron. Iron pervades all aspects of the waste package environment, from the steel in the waste containers, through corrosion products, to the ironmore » minerals present in the host rock. Over the long period required for nuclear waste disposal, the chemical conditions of the subsurface waste package will vary along the entire continuum from oxidizing to reducing conditions.
This variability leads to the expectation that redox-active components such as Fe oxides can undergo phase transformations or dissolution; to understand and quantify such a system with respect to potential impacts on waste package integrity and radionuclide fate is clearly a serious challenge. Traditional GDF performance assessment models currently rely upon surface adsorption or single phase solubility experiments and do not deal with the incorporation of radionuclides into specific crystallographic sites within the evolving Fe phases. In this chapter, we focus on the iron-bearing phases that are likely to be present in both the near and far-field of a GDF, examining their potential for redox activity and interaction with radionuclides. To support this, thermodynamic and molecular modelling is particularly important in predicting radionuclide behaviour in the presence of Fe-phases. Examination of radionuclide contamination of the natural environment provides further evidence of the importance of Fe-phases in far-field processes; these can be augmented by experimental and analogue studies.« less.Fong, Bonnie L.2014-01-01An exploratory study was conducted in Summer 2012 in an effort to determine what librarians in the United States are doing to teach chemistry graduate students research skills.
Chemistry librarians at ARL (Association of Research Libraries) institutions were surveyed about the content they teach; when, where, and how they present it; and what.Over the past decade several online integrated atmospheric chemical-transport and meteorology modeling systems with varying levels of interactions among different atmospheric processes have been developed. A variety of approaches to meteorology- chemistry integration with differe.Kavandi, Janet L.2016-01-01Overview of NASA GRC Materials Development. New materials enabled by new chemistries offering unique properties and chemical processing techniques. Durability of materials in harsh environments requires understanding and modeling of chemical interaction of materials with the environment.Zeglis, Brian M; Houghton, Jacob L; Evans, Michael J; Viola-Villegas, Nerissa; Lewis, Jason S2014-02-17Over the past several decades, radionuclides have matured from largely esoteric and experimental technologies to indispensible components of medical diagnostics. Driving this transition, in part, have been mutually necessary advances in biomedical engineering, nuclear medicine, and cancer biology. Somewhat unsung has been the seminal role of inorganic chemistry in fostering the development of new radiotracers.
In this regard, the purpose of this Forum Article is to more visibly highlight the significant contributions of inorganic chemistry to nuclear imaging by detailing the development of five metal-based imaging agents: (64)Cu-ATSM, (68)Ga-DOTATOC, (89)Zr-transferrin, (99m)Tc-sestamibi, and (99m)Tc-colloids. In a concluding section, several unmet needs both in and out of the laboratory will be discussed to stimulate conversation between inorganic chemists and the imaging community.Zeglis, Brian M.; Houghton, Jacob L.; Evans, Michael J.; Viola-Villegas, Nerissa; Lewis, Jason S.2014-01-01Over the past several decades, radionuclides have matured from largely esoteric and experimental technologies to indispensible components of medical diagnostics. Driving this transition, in part, have been mutually necessary advances in biomedical engineering, nuclear medicine, and cancer biology. Somewhat unsung has been the seminal role of inorganic chemistry in fostering the development of new radiotracers. In this regard, the purpose of this Forum Article is to more visibly highlight the significant contributions of inorganic chemistry to nuclear imaging by detailing the development of five metal-based imaging agents: 64Cu-ATSM, 68Ga-DOTATOC, 89Zr-transferrin, 99mTc-sestamibi, and 99mTc-colloids.
In a concluding section, several unmet needs both in and out of the laboratory will be discussed to stimulate conversation between inorganic chemists and the imaging community. PMID:24313747.Tyapkov, V.
F.; Erpyleva, S. F.2017-05-01Results of implementation of the secondary circuit organic amine water chemistry at Russian nuclear power plant (NPP) with VVER-1000 reactors are presented. The requirements for improving the reliability, safety, and efficiency of NPPs and for prolonging the service life of main equipment items necessitate the implementation of new technologies, such as new water chemistries.
Data are analyzed on the chemical control of power unit coolant for quality after the changeover to operation with the feed of higher amines, such as morpholine and ethanolamine. Power units having equipment containing copper alloy components were converted from the all-volatile water chemistry to the ethanolamine or morpholine water chemistry with no increase in pH of the steam generator feedwater. This enables the iron content in the steam generator feedwater to be decreased from 6-12 to 2.0-2.5 μg/dm3.
It is demonstrated that pH of high-temperature water is among the basic factors controlling erosion and corrosion wear of the piping and the ingress of corrosion products into NPP steam generators. For NPP power units having equipment whose construction material does not include copper alloys, the water chemistries with elevated pH of the secondary coolant are adopted. Stable dosing of correction chemicals at these power units maintains pH25 of 9.5 to 9.7 in the steam generator feedwater with a maximum iron content of 2 μg/dm3 in the steam generator feedwater.Johnson, Benjamin LloydThis dissertation consists of three papers; the first is published in Annals of Operations Research, the second is nearing submission to INFORMS Journal on Computing, and the third is the predecessor of a paper nearing submission to Progress in Nuclear Energy. We apply operations research techniques to nuclear waste disposal and nuclear safeguards. Although these fields are different, they allow us to showcase some benefits of using operations research techniques to enhance nuclear energy applications.
The first paper, 'Optimizing High-Level Nuclear Waste Disposal within a Deep Geologic Repository,' presents a mixed-integer programming model that determines where to place high-level nuclear waste packages in a deep geologic repository to minimize heat load concentration. We develop a heuristic that increases the size of solvable model instances. The second paper, 'Optimally Configuring a Measurement System to Detect Diversions from a Nuclear Fuel Cycle,' introduces a simulation-optimization algorithm and an integer-programming model to find the best, or near-best, resource-limited nuclear fuel cycle measurement system with a high degree of confidence. Given location-dependent measurement method precisions, we (i) optimize the configuration of n methods at n locations of a hypothetical nuclear fuel cycle facility, (ii) find the most important location at which to improve method precision, and (iii) determine the effect of measurement frequency on near-optimal configurations and objective values. Our results correspond to existing outcomes but we obtain them at least an order of magnitude faster. The third paper, 'Optimizing Nuclear Material Control and Accountability Measurement Systems,' extends the integer program from the second paper to locate measurement methods in a larger, hypothetical nuclear fuel cycle scenario given fixed purchase and utilization budgets. This paper also presents two mixed-integer quadratic programming models to increase the precision of.
W.; Wright, Laura L.2002-01-01Introduces the Techniques in Chemistry I course taught in the Furman University Department of Chemistry which focuses on organic and inorganic chemistry. Uses a problem solving approach and active learning. (Contains 17 references.) (YDS).Jogalekar, Ashutosh S.2015-01-01Over the last two decades, various themes inherent in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) in chemistry have been brought to light through prominent cases of research misconduct. This article will describe a few of these cases especially through the lens of social media such as blogs and Twitter. A case will be made that these wholly novel modalities of online discussion are now complementing, and in some cases even circumventing some of the limitations of traditional peer review in chemistry. We present in detail our evaluation of three recent cases of RCR along with several other social media illustrations. These cases have been selected to be representative and showcase several of the most prominent issues at the intersection of traditional and social-media based peer review.
In each case, basic details are presented along with a brief discussion of the underlying issues—readers interested in deeper analysis of each subject are referred to a collection of relevant articles and websites. This perspective focuses on the most important RCR issues that have arisen in the past decade, a time which we believe coincides with the serious participation of the scientific community in general, and the chemistry community in particular, in social media-based, citizen-enabled peer-review. A discussion of important trends in RCR in the age of social media, outstanding developments in this area, and questions of enduring interest for the near future concludes the article. PMID:26155733.Jogalekar, Ashutosh S2015-01-01Over the last two decades, various themes inherent in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) in chemistry have been brought to light through prominent cases of research misconduct. This article will describe a few of these cases especially through the lens of social media such as blogs and Twitter. A case will be made that these wholly novel modalities of online discussion are now complementing, and in some cases even circumventing some of the limitations of traditional peer review in chemistry. We present in detail our evaluation of three recent cases of RCR along with several other social media illustrations.
These cases have been selected to be representative and showcase several of the most prominent issues at the intersection of traditional and social-media based peer review. In each case, basic details are presented along with a brief discussion of the underlying issues-readers interested in deeper analysis of each subject are referred to a collection of relevant articles and websites.
This perspective focuses on the most important RCR issues that have arisen in the past decade, a time which we believe coincides with the serious participation of the scientific community in general, and the chemistry community in particular, in social media-based, citizen-enabled peer-review. A discussion of important trends in RCR in the age of social media, outstanding developments in this area, and questions of enduring interest for the near future concludes the article.Raker, Jeffrey R.; Towns, Marcy H.2012-01-01Understanding of the nature of science is key to the development of new curricular materials that mirror the practice of science. Three problem types (project level, synthetic planning, and day-to-day) in synthetic organic chemistry emerged during a thematic content analysis of the research experiences of eight practising synthetic organic.Santi, Claudio; Bagnoli, Luana2017-12-02In 2017, the 200th anniversary of the discovery of selenium was celebrated. In 1817, the Swedish chemists, Berzelius and Gahn, on roasting 200 kg of sulfur from a pyrite from the Falun mine, obtained about 3 g of a precipitate that they first wrongly identified as tellurium. Berzelius doubted this result and repeated the analysis some months later realizing that a new element was in his hands and he named this element Selenium (Greek: Selene, moon) in consideration of its resemblance to Tellurium (Latin: Tellus, earth). Several events were organized in the year for this special celebration and this Special Issue would like to be an additional contribution to the success of a research that, especially during the last decades, rapidly grew in different fields: synthesis, medicinal chemistry, biology, material, and environment. These studies are strongly characterized by multi- and interdisciplinary connections, and, for this reason, we collected here contributions coming from different areas and disciplines, not exclusively synthetic organic chemistry.Mitchell, G.
E.1992-10-01Studies of fundamental symmetries by the TRIPLE collaboration using the unique capabilities at LAMTF have found unexpected systematics in the parity-violating amplitudes for epithermal-neutron scattering. Tests to lower the present limits on time-reversal-invariance violation in the strong interaction are being made at in experiments on the scattering of polarized fast neutrons from aligned holmium targets. Studies of few-nucleon systems have received increasing emphasis over the past year, involving a broad program for testing the low- to medium-energy internucleon interactions, from the tensor component in n-p scattering and the n-n scattering lengths, through three-nucleon systems and the alpha particle, on up to Be-8. Of particular interest are three-nucleon systems, both in elastic scattering and in three-body breakup.
Beam requirements range from production of intense and highly-polarized neutron beams to tensor-polarized beams for measurements at both very low energies (25-80 keV) and at tandem energies for definitive measurements of D-state components of the triton, He-3, and He-4 obtained from transfer reactions. The program in nuclear astrophysics expanded during 1991-1992. Several facets of the nuclear many-body problem and of excitation mechanisms of the nucleus are being elucidated, including measurements and analyses to elucidate the neutron-nucleus elastic-scattering interaction over a wide range of nuclei and energies. Several projects involved developments in electronuclear physics, instrumentation, RF-transition units, and low-temperature bolometric particle detectors.McEwen, Leah; Li, Ye2014-10-01There are compelling needs from a variety of camps for more chemistry data to be available. While there are funder and government mandates for depositing research data in the United States and Europe, this does not mean it will be done well or expediently.
Chemists themselves do not appear overly engaged at this stage and chemistry librarians who work directly with chemists and their local information environments are interested in helping with this challenge. Our unique understanding of organizing data and information enables us to contribute to building necessary infrastructure and establishing standards and best practices across the full research data cycle. As not many support structures focused on chemistry currently exist, we are initiating explorations through a few case studies and focused pilot projects presented here, with an aim of identifying opportunities for increased collaboration among chemists, chemistry librarians, cheminformaticians and other chemistry professionals.McEwen, Leah; Li, Ye2014-10-01There are compelling needs from a variety of camps for more chemistry data to be available. While there are funder and government mandates for depositing research data in the United States and Europe, this does not mean it will be done well or expediently.
Chemists themselves do not appear overly engaged at this stage and chemistry librarians who work directly with chemists and their local information environments are interested in helping with this challenge. Our unique understanding of organizing data and information enables us to contribute to building necessary infrastructure and establishing standards and best practices across the full research data cycle. As not many support structures focused on chemistry currently exist, we are initiating explorations through a few case studies and focused pilot projects presented here, with an aim of identifying opportunities for increased collaboration among chemists, chemistry librarians, cheminformaticians and other chemistry professionals.Hawkins, W. L.; Zucca, J. J.2008-12-01Within a year after the nuclear detonations over Hiroshima and Nagasaki the Baruch Plan was presented to the newly formed United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (June 14, 1946) to establish nuclear disarmament and international control over all nuclear activities. These controls would allow only the peaceful use of atomic energy. The plan was rejected through a Security Council veto primarily because of the resistance to unlimited inspections.
Since that time there have been many multilateral, and bilateral agreements, and unilateral declarations to limit or eliminate nuclear detonations. Almost all of theses agreements (i.e. Treaties) call for some type of monitoring. We will review a timeline showing the history of nuclear testing and the more important treaties. We will also describe testing operations, containment, phenomenology, and observations.
The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) which has been signed by 179 countries (ratified by 144) established the International Monitoring System global verification regime which employs seismic, infrasound, hydroacoustic and radionuclide monitoring techniques. The CTBT also includes on-site inspection to clarify whether a nuclear explosion has been carried out in violation of the Treaty. The US Department of Energy (DOE) through its National Nuclear Security Agency's Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring R&D Program supports research by US National Laboratories, and universities and industry internationally to detect, locate, and identify nuclear detonations. This research program builds on the broad base of monitoring expertise developed over several decades. Annually the DOE and the US Department of Defense jointly solicit monitoring research proposals.
Areas of research include: seismic regional characterization and wave propagation, seismic event detection and location, seismic identification and source characterization, hydroacoustic monitoring, radionuclide monitoring, infrasound monitoring, and.Assadi, Majid; Afrasiabi, Kolsoom; Nabipour, Iraj; Seyedabadi, Mohammad2011-01-01The birth of nanotechnology in human society was around 2000 years ago and soon found applications in various fields. In this article, we highlight the current status of research and preclinical applications and also future prospects of nanotechnology in medicine and in nuclear medicine. The most important field is cancer.
A regular nanotechnology training program for nuclear medicine physicians may be welcome.2010-09-01environment, a radionuclide event is the release of radioactive atoms. Radionuclide sources include nuclear explosions, normal or anomalous reactor.isotopes (e.g., potassium, uranium, and thorium and their decay products) and isotopes produced from the interactions of cosmic rays with the.and reactor emissions. For example, the IMS detected a pair of xenon isotopes at a Japanese station shortly after the 2009 DPRK event.
The ratio of.Grunden, Walter E; Walker, Mark; Yamnazaki, Masakatsu2005-01-01This article compares military research projects during the Second World War to develop nuclear weapons in Germany and Japan, two countries who lost the war and failed to create nuclear weapons. The performance and motivations of the scientists, as well as the institutional support given the work, is examined, explaining why, in each case, the project went as far as it did-but no further. The story is carried over into the postwar period, when the two cultures and their scientists had to deal with the buildup of nuclear weapons during the cold war and the new nuclear power industry.Corio, L.A.; Jones, W.B.; Sherwell, J.1999-07-01The Maryland Department of Natural Resources Power Plant Research Program (PPRP) initiated a project in 1998 to make available on the World Wide Web (WWW), precipitation chemistry data from monitoring sites located in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. To that end, PPRP obtained, from various organizations, background information on atmospheric deposition monitoring programs (some of which are still on-going), as well as special studies.
For those programs and studies with available precipitation chemistry data of known quality (data were not available for all programs and studies), PPRP obtained, processed, and uploaded the data to its WWW site (www.versar.com/pprp/features/aciddep/aciddep.htm). These data canmore » either be viewed on the web site or downloaded as a zipped file in either comma-delimited or Excel spreadsheet format. PPRP also provides descriptions of the monitoring programs/studies, including information on measurement methods and quality assurance procedures, where available. For the few monitoring programs (e.g., NADP) with existing web sites that allow on-line access to data, PPRP provides links to these sites. PPRP currently is working with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) in a cooperative effort to make more precipitation chemistry data easily available to the scientific community.« less.Saitta, E. H.; Bowdon, M. A.; Geiger, C.
L.2011-12-01Technology was integrated into service-learning activities to create an interactive teaching method for undergraduate students at a large research institution. Chemistry students at the University of Central Florida partnered with high school students at Crooms Academy of Information Technology in interactive service learning projects. The projects allowed UCF students to teach newly acquired content knowledge and build upon course lecture and lab exercises. Activities utilized the web-conferencing tool Adobe Connect Pro to enable interaction with high school students, many of whom have limited access to supplemental educational opportunities due to low socioeconomic status. Seventy chemistry I students created lessons to clarify high school students' misconceptions through the use of refutational texts.
In addition, 21 UCF students enrolled in the chemistry II laboratory course acted as virtual lab partners with Crooms students in an interactive guided inquiry experiment focused on chemical kinetics. An overview of project's design, implementation, and assessments are detailed in the case study and serve as a model for future community partnerships. Emerging technologies are emphasized as well as a suggested set of best practices for future projects.Tyapkov, V. F.; Chudakova, I. Yu.; Alekseenko, O. A.2011-08-01Ways of improving the water chemistry used in the turbine generator stator's cooling systems at Russian nuclear power plants are considered. Data obtained from operational chemical monitoring of indicators characterizing the quality of cooling water in the turbine generator stator cooling systems of operating power units at nuclear power plants are presented.2010-11-03.
Statement for the Nuclear Facility Portion of the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Building Replacement. Statement for the Nuclear Facility Portion of the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Building Replacement. Facility portion of the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Building Replacement Project (CMRR-NF) at Los.Kurylo, M. J.; DeCola, P. A.2000-01-01Under the mandate contained in the FY 1976 NASA Authorization Act, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed and is implementing a comprehensive program of research, technology development, and monitoring of the Earth's upper atmosphere, with emphasis on the upper troposphere and stratosphere. This program aims at expanding our chemical and physical understanding to permit both the quantitative analysis of current perturbations as well as the assessment of possible future changes in this important region of our environment. It is carried out jointly by the Upper Atmosphere Research Program (UARP) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP), both managed within the Research Division in the Office of Earth Science at NASA.
Significant contributions to this effort have also been provided by the Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP) of NASA's Office of Aero-Space Technology.
Declaration
I, ____________ student of ___________________ is doing project report entitled “Nuclear Chemistry” being submitted to ___________________is an original piece of work done by me.
(Signature)
Main Points : 'Nuclear Chemistry', natural radioactivity, artificial radioactivity, induced radioactivity, Cause of Radioactivity, Nature and characteristics of Radioactive Substances, Alpha rays, Gama rays, Beta rays, rate of radioactive disintegration, decay, Half Life Period, nuclear fission, Nuclear Fusions Project on Nuclear Chemistry
In ordinary chemical combinations, only the electrons present in the Outermost orbitlas are involved i.e. they are transferred from one atoms to the other atom remain unaffected. However, there are certain phenomena in which the nucleus of the atom is involved. “The branch of chemistry dealing with the phenomena involving the nuclei of the atoms is known as nuclear chemistry.
In fact, the only phenomena involving the nucleus of an atom is radio activity - both natural and artificial.
natural radioactivity :
The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of certain kinds of radiations by some elements is called radioactivity or natural radioactivity.
artificial or induced radioactivity :
The phenomenon is which the artificial disintegration of a stable nucleus leads to the formation of a radioactive isotope is called artificial radioactivity.
Cause of Radioactivity
It has been found that the nuclei of those atoms are stable whose ratio of the neutrons to protons (n/p ratio) lies in the range 1 to 1.5. If number of neutrons is plotted against the number of protons, the table nucleus lie in a well defined belt, called stability belt as shown in Fig. the nuclei with atomic number upto 20 have n/p ratio close to 1. The nuclei with n/p ration lying above or below the stability particles so that their n/p ration falls with in the stability belt. Loss of particle (2p and 2n) increases the n/p ration where as loss of particles increases the number of protons and hence decreases the n/p ratio.
Nature and characteristics of Radioactive Substances
It is observed that an applying the field, the rays emitted from the radioactive substances are separated into three types called rays.
The rays are deflected in a direction which shows that they carry positive charges the rays are deflected in the opposite direction and the rays are not deflected at all showing that they carry no charge.
properties of a rays :
(i) The direction of deflection of the a rays in the electric and magnetic field show that they carry positive charge. It is found that each particle carries two units of positive charges and has mass nearly four times that of hydrogen atom.
(ii) The velocity of rays is found to be nearly 1/10 the 1/20 the of that of light, depending upon the nature of source.
(iii) a rays ionize the gas through which they pass.
(iv) a rays have low penetrating power. They can penetrate through air only to a distance of about 7 cm.
(v) a rays affect a photographic plate and produce luminescence when they strike a line sulphide screen.
properties ofb rays
(i) The direction of deflection of b rays in the electric and magnetic fields shows that they carry negative charge. These particles possess the same charge and mass as that of the electrons.
(ii) The velocity of b rays depends upon the nature of the source. The speed of b particles varies from 3% to 99% of that of light i.e. in same cases it approaches the velocity of light.
(iii) The ionizing power of b particles is about 1/100th of that of a particles.
(iv) Their penetrating power is about 100 times greater than that of a rays.
(v) Like rays, b rays affect a photographic plate and the effect is much higher. However, there is no significant effect on a zinc sulphide screen become of their lower kinetic energy.
properties ofg rays
(i) They are not deflected in the electric and magnetic fields showing these by that they do not carry any charge.
(ii) They travel with the same velocity as that of light.
(iii) As they do not have any mass, their ionizing power is very poor.
(iv) Their penetrating power is about 100 times more than that of b rays. Thus they can penetrate through lead sheets as thick as 150 mm.
(v) g rays have very little effect on the photographic plates or zinc. sulphide screen.
rate of radioactive
disintegration or decay
The rate of disintegration depends only upon the nature of the radioactive element and the radioactive disintegration follows first order kinetics and hence the expression for the rate constant (g).
Where “No is the number of the atoms taken initially.
and “N” is the number of atoms present at any instant of time.
The equation is also written as :
Where a is the amount of the radioactive substance initially taken and a-x is the amount present at time t.
Half Life Period :
The half-life period of radioactive element is the time in which half of the original substance disintegrate.Pip install gdal fails.
where g is disintegration constant.
nuclear fission
The splitting of a heavier atom like that of uranium - 235 into a number of fragments of much smaller mass by suitable bombardment of huge amount of energy is called nuclear fission.
e.g. Huge amount of energy.
Nuclear Fusions
Nuclear fusions is defined as a process in which lighter nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus.
H11 + H11 ----> H12 + e10
Deuterium Position
Chemistry Projects
